A-Z

Vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopherol; DL-alpha-tocopherol; tocopherol) — considered the most important oil-soluble anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger. Studies indicate that vitamin E performs these functions when topically applied. It is also a photo-protectant, and it helps protect the cellular membrane from free-radical damage. As a moisturizer, vitamin E is well-absorbed through the skin, demonstrating a strong affinity with small blood vessels and an ability to enhance blood circulation in the skin. It is also thought to improve the skin’s water-binding ability. In addition, vitamin E emulsions have been found to reduce trans-epidermal water loss, thereby improving the appearance of rough, dry,...

Vitamin C — Vitamin C is one of the relatively few topical agents whose effectiveness against wrinkles and fine lines is backed by a fair amount of reliable scientific evidence. There are many forms of Vitamin C. L-ascorbic acid, a well-known anti-oxidant that clearly shines when paired with Vitamin E.  Unfortunately, it is relatively unstable. L-ascorbic is stabilized and potentiated by the addition of vitamin E and ferulic acid. This is how it works: “As vitamin E reacts with a free radical, it, in turn, is damaged by the free radical it is fighting. Vitamin C comes in to repair...

Vitamin B — an antioxidant that with consistent use can help decrease redness and help with skin texture. The most common ones found in topical skincare are vitamin B3 (niacinamide), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B7 (biotin), and vitamin B12 (cobalamin).   Niacinamide (B3) is an ingredient I recommend to people with rosacea, acne, and increased redness in their the skin as well as people interested in anti-aging. B3 has emerged as a very important player in protecting skin from premature aging due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Panthenol (B5) or pantothenic acid, works as a humectant to retain moisture and hydration...

Vitamin A — (See Retinoic Acid, Retinol, Retinoids and Retinyl Palmitate), Vitamin A is essential for normal skin cell development and differentiation:         Inhibits collagen breakdown         Increases collagen synthesis         Increases elasticity         Improves water barrier function         Anti-inflammatory         Regulates sebum production, excellent for treating acne as well as aging         It is the only ingredient we know of that actually reverses the signs of photo-aging The encouraging news for people with photo-aged skin is how retinoids work...